Alkane oxidation

ABSTRACT

Embodiments include an alkane oxidation catalyst having a support modified with a carboxylate group. The carboxylate group is functionalized with a manganese complex selected from the group consisting of [(C 6 H 12 N 3 R 3 )Mn(OCH 3 ) 3 ]Z, [(C 6 H 12 N 3 R 3 )Mn 2 O 3 ]Z 2 , [(C 6 H 15 N 3 )Mn 4 O 6 ]Z 4 . Each R is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbons, and each Z is independently PF 6   − , ClO 4   − , or Br − .

This disclosure relates to an alkane oxidation catalyst and methods of forming an alkane oxidation product.

Alkane oxidation products are used in the production of plastics, fuels, nylons, pesticides, textiles, disinfectants, reagents, detergents, solvents, and others. Examples of alkane oxidation products include, but are not limited to, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and peroxides.

This disclosure provides an alkane oxidation catalyst including a support modified with a carboxylate group, where the carboxylate group is functionalized with a manganese complex.

The support may be a carbon support or an oxide support. Examples of the carbon support include, but are not limited to, activated carbon, which intrinsically contains a carboxylate group.

Examples of the oxide support include, but are not limited to, silicon dioxide (SiO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium silicon dioxide (Ti—SiO₂), aluminum silicate (Al₂O₃—SiO₂), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and cerium dioxide (CeO₂).

The oxide support may be modified with the carboxylate group by depositing a silane group as an ester via heating the oxide support in refluxing pyridine to provide an ester-modified oxide support. The ester-modified oxide support may then be converted to carboxylic acid (CA) by heating the oxide support in refluxing aqueous solutions of mineral acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid (HCl)) to provide the support modified with the carboxylate group. Silane groups include, but are not limited to, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-ethyltrimethoxysilane and ethyl 4-(triethoxysilyl)benzoate. Materials synthesized in this way are identified as oxide support “—C” to denote surface carboxylates synthesized from 2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane (e.g., the support modified with the carboxylate group may be represented as SiO₂—C) and identified as oxide support “—B” to denote surface carboxylates synthesized from ethyl 4-(triethoxysilyl)benzoate (e.g., the support modified with the carboxylate group may be represented as SiO₂—B). Remaining hydroxyl (OH) groups can be capped with a variety of silanes, such as propyltriethoxysilane (propyl), n-octyltrimethoxysilane (octyl), mixtures of perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-triethoxysilane/perfluoro-tetradecyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-triethoxysilane (perfluro), or hexamethyldisilazane/trimethylchlorosilane(trimethyl) (e.g., the support modified with the carboxylate group may be represented as SiO₂—C-propyl, SiO₂—C-octyl, SiO₂—C-perfluoro, or SiO₂—C-trimethyl).

Alternatively, the oxide support may be modified with the carboxylate group by depositing ditopic molecules, including, but not limited to, terephthalic acid (TA) and 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid (DHHCA), which coordinate with oxide supports and provide a carboxylate functionalization with the manganese complex.

A density of the carboxylate groups on the support may be in a range of from 0.01 to 1 carboxylate groups per square nanometer (groups/nm²) of oxide support “—C” or oxide support “—B” and in a range of from 1 to 6 groups/nm² for oxide supports modified by depositing ditopic molecules. This can be measured by absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and/or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Examples of the manganese complex include, but are not limited to, [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OCH₃)₃]Z, a monomeric manganese complex, [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂, a dimeric manganese complex, and [(C₆H₁₅N₃)Mn₄O₆]Z₄, a tetrameric manganese complex. Each R is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbons. Examples of the alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a propyl group. Each Z is independently hexafluorophosphate (PF₆ ⁻), perchlorate (ClO₄ ⁻), or bromine (Br⁻). The carboxylate group can be functionalized with the manganese complex by bonding a manganese atom of the manganese complex to an oxygen atom of the carboxylate group. The manganese complex and the carboxylate groups on a surface of the support have a molar ratio in a range of from 1.0:0.3 to 1:20 manganese complex groups to carboxylate groups.

The alkane oxidation catalyst can be formed by combining the support modified with the carboxylate group that is functionalized with the manganese complex at a temperature in a range of from −10 degrees Celsius (° C.) to 50° C. in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The alkane oxidation catalyst can be formed in the presence of a solvent. Examples of the solvent include, but are not limited to, acetonitrile, water, methanol, acetic acid, and acetone. The support is employed in a range of from 1 to 20 milligrams per milliliter of solvent (mg/mL). The manganese complex is employed in a range of from 0.1 to 1.0 milimole per liter of solvent (mM). Hydrogen peroxide is employed in a range of initial concentrations of from 0.1 to 0.5 moles per liter of solvent (M).

This disclosure provides a method for oxidizing an alkane. The method includes oxidizing the alkane by contacting the alkane with the alkane oxidation catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to provide an alkane oxidation product. Examples of the alkane oxidation product include, but are not limited to alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and alkylhydroperoxides. The hydrogen peroxide and the alkane have a molar ratio in a range of from 3:1 to 1:20 where the hydrogen peroxide includes the initial hydrogen peroxide and/or subsequent hydrogen peroxide. The method can include employing a solvent. Examples of the solvent are discussed herein. The method conditions include oxidizing the alkane at a temperature in a range of from −10° C. to 50° C.

The method includes contacting a support modified with a carboxylate group with a manganese complex and hydrogen peroxide to functionalize the carboxylate group with the manganese complex to form an alkane oxidation catalyst. The alkane includes linear alkanes and cyclic alkanes. Examples of linear alkanes include, but are not limited to, linear alkanes with 2 or more carbons (e.g., ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane). For example, ethane may be oxidized to form an oxidation product, such as, acetaldehyde, ethanol, methanol, or formaldehyde. Examples of cyclic alkanes include, but are not limited to, cyclic alkanes with 6 or more carbons (e.g., cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane). For example, cyclohexane may be oxidized to form an oxidation product such as, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, or cyclohexylhydroperoxide.

EXAMPLES

Materials, all available from Sigma—Aldrich®, unless otherwise noted, include manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate; methanol; sodium peroxide; potassium hexafluorophosphate; sulfuric acid; ethanol; sodium hydroxide; 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TCI America); potassium hydroxide; silicon dioxide; acetonitrile; o-dichlorobenzene; cyclohexane; hydrogen peroxide; ethane; terephthalic acid; 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid; titanium dioxide; cerium dioxide; silane: propyltriethoxysilane (Gelest); n-octyltrimethoxysilane (Gelest); mixtures of perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-triethoxysilane and perfluoro-tetradecyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-triethoxysilane (Gelest); mixtures of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane and pyridine; 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane (Gelest); ethyl 4-(triethoxysilyl)benzoate (Gelest).

Support Modified with the Carboxylate Group Synthesis

SiO₂—C, SiO₂—B—Add SiO₂ (1-2 grams (g)) and pyridine (50 ml) to a container and stir the contents of the container under nitrogen (N₂). Add 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane or ethyl 4-(triethoxysilyl)benzoate to the contents of the container (1.0 mmol per gram SiO₂)), then heat the contents of the container at reflux for 24 hours. Filter solids from the contents of the container, wash solids with pyridine and ether, dry solids under vacuum, and extract solids by soxhlet extraction with benzene for 24 hours. Filter solids, wash solids with ether, and dry solids. Heat the solids for 12-24 hours in refluxing aqueous HCl (25 mL, 1.0 M), then extract solids by soxhlet extraction with water (18 MΩ) to form SiO₂—C or SiO₂—B with carboxylate group density of 0.07 to 0.80±0.06 groups/nm². Carboxylate group density can be varied by varying the amount of silane ester present during synthesis.

SiO₂—C-propyl, SiO₂—C-octyl, SiO₂—C-perfluoro, SiO₂—C-trimethyl—Add SiO₂—C and a silane (2.0 mmol silane per g SiO₂—C), either propyltriethoxysilane (propyl), n-octyltrimethoxysilane (octyl), commercial mixtures of perfluorododecyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-triethoxysilane/perfluoro-tetradecyl-1H,1H,2H,2H-triethoxysilane (perfluro), or a commercial mixture of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane and pyridine (trimethyl), in anhydrous pyridine, to a container. Heat the contents of the container at reflux under N₂ for 24 hours to form SiO₂—C-propyl, SiO₂—C-octyl, SiO₂—C-perfluoro, or SiO₂—C-trimethyl. Filter solids, extract solids by soxhlet extraction with benzene for 24 hours, and collect the respective supports modified with the carboxylate groups.

TiO₂-TA, CeO₂-TA, SiO₂-TA—Add terephthalic acid (TA) (20 milligrams (mg)), to a borosilicate vial, then cover the TA with a layer of glass wool, followed by a layer of the oxide support, TiO₂, CeO₂, or SiO₂, respectively, and a layer of glass wool. Heat the contents of each borosilicate vial for 5 minutes from 23° C. to 420° C. at a rate of 80° C./min, then cool to 23° C. to form TiO₂-TA, CeO₂-TA, or SiO₂-TA.

Manganese Complex Synthesis

Monomeric manganese complex—Add manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate (628.2 mg, 3.2 mmol) and methanol (16.8 mL) to a container. Add methanol (67.5 mL) and 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (842.9 mg, 4.0 mmol) to a second container, then mix the contents of the two containers while maintaining at 0° C. Add sodium peroxide (390.9 mg, 5 mmol) to the contents of the container and stir for 1 hour at 0° C., then stir the contents of the container for 45 minutes at 23° C. and add potassium hexafluorophosphate (948.1 mg, 5.2 mmol). Rest the contents of the container for 10 minutes and filter over glass frit. Neutralize filtrate with sulfuric acid (2.0 M) to a pH of 7.24 to quench the reaction. Add water (42 mL) to filtrate and stir for 37 minutes. Filter over glass frit and rinse solids with water. Reduce filtrate volume until solids begin to nucleate. Rinse with water and maintain at 10° C. for 12 hrs to form crystals. Filter crystals with a glass fiber filter and rinse crystals with cold water to form [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OX)₃]Z.

Dimeric manganese complex—Add 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (0.68 g, 4.0 mmol) and 2:1 EtOH/H₂O (8 mL) to a container. Add MnCl₂-4H₂O (0.8 g, 1 equivalent (eq)) and KPF₆ (1.1 g, 1.5 eq) to the contents of the container and stir for 20 minutes at 50° C. Cool the contents of the container to 0° C. while stirring for 10-15 minutes. Add 1:1 H₂O₂ (1.5 M)/NaOH (1.0 M) solution (8.0 mL) to the contents of container and crystallize. Filter and wash crystals with ethanol and ether and dry crystals under vacuum to form [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂.

Example (Ex) 1

Synthesize alkane oxidation catalyst in situ and oxidize alkane (cyclohexane) as follows. Add SiO₂—C (3.3 mg, 0.6 groups/nm²) in acetonitrile (2 mL) and ([(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂) (0.2 mM) to a container. The carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio is 0.50:1.0. Add o-dichlorobenzene (100 microliter (μL), 390 mmol) and cyclohexane (50 μL, 200 mmol) to the contents of container and maintain at 0° C. Add H₂O₂ (30 weight percent (wt %), 130 μL) to the contents of container. Seal the container and react to produce an alkane oxidation product (cyclohexanone (CyO), cyclohexanol (CyOH), and/or cyclohexyl hydroperoxide (Cy-OOH)). The concentrations of these species are determined as a function of time using gas chromatography and are shown in Table 1.

The turnover number (TON) is the maximum number of substrate (e.g., alkane) molecules that can be converted into product molecules after a given amount of time by a catalyst and is given by the equation:

${T\; O\; N\mspace{14mu} {for}\mspace{14mu} {alkane}\mspace{14mu} {oxidation}\mspace{14mu} {catalyst}} = \frac{{moles}\mspace{14mu} {alkane}\mspace{14mu} {oxidation}\mspace{14mu} {product}}{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{moles}\mspace{14mu} {dimeric}\mspace{14mu} {manganese}\mspace{14mu} {complex}} \right)\mspace{14mu} {or}} \\ \left( {{moles}\mspace{14mu} {monomeric}\mspace{14mu} {manganese}\mspace{14mu} {complex}} \right) \end{matrix}}$

TABLE 1 TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ (0.5 Carboxylate group: 1.0 Mn atom) Alkane Oxidation Product Reaction Total TON Time (hr) (CyO + CyOH + at 0° C. CyO CyOH Cy-OOH Cy-OOH) 0.3 1 5 1 6 0.5 1 7 1 9 0.8 3 15 1 19 1.5 7 30 2 38 2.0 10 35 0 45 3.0 8 38 1 47 6.0 8 43 2 53 9.0 11 41 0 52 24.3 11 42 0 53

Exs 2-3

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: add support modified with the carboxylate group to obtain a carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio of 1.0:1.0 and 3.3:1.0, respectively, to produce an alkane oxidation product, as shown in Tables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2 TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ (1.0 Carboxylate group: 1.0 Mn atom) Alkane Oxidation Product Reaction Total TON Time (hr) (CyO + CyOH + at 0° C. CyO CyOH Cy-OOH Cy-OOH) 0.3 0 4 1 5 0.5 15 33 0 47 0.8 16 44 12 72 1.0 14 52 16 82 1.5 19 73 14 107 2.0 18 80 28 125 3.0 33 94 5 133 6.0 39 97 5 140 9.0 37 93 5 136 24.2 39 94 6 139

TABLE 3 TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ (3.3 Carboxylate group: 1.0 Mn atom) Alkane Oxidation Product Reaction Total TON Time (hr) (CyO + CyOH + at 0° C. CyO CyOH Cy-OOH Cy-OOH) 0.3 36 31 0 67 0.5 51 57 0 108 0.8 48 70 26 145 1.0 37 89 67 193 1.5 48 145 82 274 2.0 46 163 88 296 3.0 62 168 78 308 6.3 102 183 40 326 9.0 116 172 28 315 23.3 107 256 57 420

Calculate TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ with data from Exs 1-3. The data in Tables 1-3 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ and that an oxidation product forms. The data in Tables 1-3 show that formation of the oxidation product increases with the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio.

Ex 4

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: add monomeric manganese complex (0.2 mM), rather than dimeric manganese complex; use SiO₂—C (0.03±0.06 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 0.3:1.0. React for 3 hours.

Exs 5-7

Repeat Ex 4, but with changes: adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 0.5:1.0, 1.0:1.0, and 1.9:1.0, respectively.

Ex 8

Repeat Ex 4, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.2 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 3.3:1.0.

Exs 9-11

Repeat Ex 4, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.25 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 1.1:1.0, 2.0:1.0, and 4.1:1.0, respectively.

Ex 12

Repeat Ex 4, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.41 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 6.8:1.0.

Ex 13-15

Repeat Ex 4, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.59 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 1.0:1.0, 10:1.0, and 10:1.0, respectively.

TABLE 4 Carboxylate Total TON Example Carboxylate group/Mn (CyO + CyOH + Cy-OOH) for number groups/nm² Atom [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OX)₃]Z Ex 4 0.03 0.3:1.0 69 Ex 5 0.03 0.5:1.0 128 Ex 6 0.03 1.0:1.0 91 Ex 7 0.03 1.9:1.0 198 Ex 8 0.20 3.3:1.0 185 Ex 9 0.25 1.1:1.0 72 Ex 10 0.25 2.0:1.0 157 Ex 11 0.25 4.1:1.0 269 Ex 12 0.41 6.8:1.0 273 Ex 13 0.59 1.0:1.0 41 Ex 14 0.59  10:1.0 58 Ex 15 0.59  10:1.0 172

Calculate Total TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OX)₃]Z with data from Exs 4-15. Calculate total TON as:

Total TON=TON (CyO)+TON(CyOH)+TON(Cy-OOH)

The data in Table 4 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ and that an alkane oxidation product forms. The data in Table 4 show that lower carboxylate surface density increases formation of alkane oxidation products for a given total carboxylate content and that formation of alkane oxidation products increases with increasing total carboxylate content.

Exs 16-18

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.03 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 0.5:1.0, 1.0:1.0, 1.9:1.0, respectively.

Ex 19

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.2 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 3.2:1.0.

Exs 20-22

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.25 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 1.0:1.0, 1.9:1.0, 4.0:1.0, respectively.

Ex 23

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.41 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 6.5:1.0.

Exs 24-25

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.59 groups/nm²); and adjust the carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio to 1.0:1.0 and 10:1.0, respectively.

TABLE 5 Carboxylate Total TON Example Carboxylate group/Mn (CyO + CyOH + Cy-OOH) for number groups/nm² Atom [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ Ex 16 0.03 0.50:1.0  136 Ex 17 0.03 1.0:1.0 128 Ex 18 0.03 1.9:1.0 189 Ex 19 0.20 3.2:1.0 184 Ex 20 0.25 1.0:1.0 103 Ex 21 0.25 1.9:1.0 161 Ex 22 0.25 4.0:1.0 194 Ex 23 0.41 6.5:1.0 236 Ex 24 0.59 1.0:1.0 39 Ex 25 0.59  10:1.0 171

Calculate Total TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ with data from Exs 16-25. The data in Table 5 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ and that an oxidation product forms. The data in Table 5 show that lower carboxylate surface density increases formation of oxidation products for a given total carboxylate content and that formation of alkane oxidation products increases with increasing total carboxylate content.

Ex 26

Obtain alkane oxidation catalyst in situ and oxidize alkane as follows. Add SiO₂—C (1.3 mg, 0.6 groups/nm²) in acetonitrile (50 mL) and dimeric manganese complex (4.17 mg, 1.0 mM) to a container. The carboxylate group to Mn atom ratio is 6.5:1.0. Seal the container and bring the contents of the container to 0° C. Add H₂O₂ (30 wt %, 2.7 mL), resulting in a total H₂O₂ concentration of 0.5 M. Pressurize container to 50 pounds per square inch (psi) with ethane and maintain ethane source to produce an alkane oxidation product (ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and/or acetaldehyde (MeCHO)), as shown in Table 6. Take samples from a dip tube with glass fit placed in the container. Condense alkane oxidation products into GC vials held at −196.15° C.

TABLE 6 TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ Reaction (6.5 Carboxylate group: 1.0 Mn atom) Time (hr) Alkane Oxidation Product at 0° C. EtOH MeOH MeCHO Total TON 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 1 0.8 2.0 0.0 0.5 3 1.0 2.5 0.0 0.6 3 3.0 11.6 1.0 2.9 16 5.0 16.4 1.3 4.7 23 7.0 18.9 1.6 5.8 26 9.0 23.6 2.1 7.8 34 11.0 25.2 2.6 9.0 37 13.0 29.6 2.8 11.8 44 15.0 30.8 3.1 12.8 47 17.0 30.7 3.0 15.8 50 23.0 35.4 4.3 19.1 59 25.0 36.7 4.0 19.3 60

Calculate TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ with data from Ex 26. The data in Table 6 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ and that an oxidation product forms.

Ex 27

Repeat Ex 26, but with changes: equilibrate the reaction vessel to 24° C., rather than 0° C., to produce an oxidation product, as shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ Reaction (6.5 Carboxylate group: 1.0 Mn atom) Time (hr) Alkane Oxidation Product at 24° C. EtOH MeOH MeCHO Total TON 0.3 3.8 0.0 0.9 5 0.6 5.3 0.0 1.6 7 0.8 8.4 0.0 2.2 11 1.0 9.6 0.0 2.7 12 1.6 11.7 0.0 3.5 15 2.0 15.6 0.0 4.5 20 2.9 23.3 1.3 6.2 31 5.0 27.4 1.3 7.8 36 6.9 30.5 1.7 8.6 41 8.9 30.8 1.8 9.3 42 11.5 31.9 2.1 9.8 44 13.3 31.5 1.9 9.5 43 15.0 33.3 2.3 10.1 46 17.0 30.9 2.0 9.7 43 21.0 31.7 2.0 9.8 44 23.1 31.1 2.2 9.6 43 24.6 30.3 1.9 9.8 42

Calculate TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂ using data from Ex 27. The data in Table 7 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ and that an oxidation product forms. Data in Table 7 from Ex 26, performed at 0° C., in comparison with data in Table 7 from Ex 27, performed at 24° C., show that reaction rates increase at 24° C.

Ex 28

Repeat Ex 27, but with changes: add monomeric manganese complex (2.45 mg, 1.0 mM), rather than dimeric manganese complex (4.17 mg, 1.0 mM) and add SiO2-C (0.65 g, 0.6 groups/nm²) to produce an oxidation product, as shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OX)₃]Z Reaction (6.5 Carboxylate group: 1.0 Mn atom) Time (hr) Alkane Oxidation Product at 24° C. EtOH MeOH MeCHO Total TON 0.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 2 0.5 3.5 0.0 0.5 4 0.7 4.7 0.0 0.8 5 1.0 5.9 0.0 1.1 7 1.6 7.5 0.0 1.4 9 2.0 8.9 0.0 1.6 11 3.0 10.9 0.0 2.1 13 5.0 12.1 0.0 2.0 14 7.1 13.4 0.0 2.2 16 24.2 12.9 0.0 2.2 15

Calculate TON for [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OX)₃]Z with data from Ex 28. The data in Table 8 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ and that an oxidation product forms.

Ex 29

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.25 groups/nm²) and adjust the dimeric manganese complex concentration to 0.282 mM.

Ex 30

Repeat Ex 1, but with changes: use SiO₂—C-trimethyl, rather than SiO₂—C (0.59 groups/nm²) and adjust the dimeric manganese complex concentration to 0.129 mM.

Ex 31

Repeat Ex 30, but with changes: use SiO₂—C-octyl, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.40 groups/nm²).

Ex 32

Repeat Ex 30, but with changes: use SiO₂—C-perfluro, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.40 groups/nm²).

Ex 33

Repeat Ex 30, but with changes: add TiO₂-TA, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.22 groups/nm²).

Ex 34

Repeat Ex 30, but with changes: add CeO₂-TA, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.13 groups/nm²).

Ex 35

Repeat Ex 30, but with changes: add SiO₂-TA, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.60 groups/nm²).

Ex 36

Repeat Ex 30, but with changes: add SiO₂—B, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.32 groups/nm²).

TABLE 9 TON for Dimeric Mn Carboxylate Alkane oxidation complex to CyOH, CyO, Example Support modified with groups/support area catalyst concentration and CyOOH (0° C.) Total CyOH/CyO number the carboxylate group Support (groups/nm²) mM CyOH CyO CyOOH TON Selectivity Ex 29 SiO2—C SiO2 0.25 0.282 91 42 27 160 2.2 Ex 30 SiO2—C- SiO2—(CH3)3 0.59 0.129 20 5 2 27 3.7 trimethyl Ex 31 SiO2—C- SiO2—C8 0.40 0.129 92 28 53 172 3.3 octyl Ex 32 SiO2—C- SiO2—F 0.40 0.129 38 8 0 45 4.8 perfluoro Ex 33 TiO2-TA TiO2 0.22 0.129 83 38 65 186 2.2 Ex 34 CeO2-TA CeO2 0.13 0.129 42 35 77 154 1.2 Ex 35 SiO2-TA SiO2 0.60 0.129 56 36 90 183 1.5 Ex 36 SiO2—B SiO2 0.32 0.129 45 9 0 54 5.0

Calculate CyOH/CyO selectivities with data from Exs 29-36. The data in Table 9 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ when using co-catalysts different than SiO₂—C and that an oxidation product forms. The data in Table 9 show that several co-catalysts deactivate the dimeric complex relative to when SiO₂—C is used; these also raise alcohol selectivities.

Ex 37

Repeat Ex 4, but with changes: use SiO₂—C (0.59 groups/nm²) and adjust the monomeric manganese complex concentration to 0.108 mM.

Ex 38

Repeat Ex 4, but with changes: use SiO₂—C-trimethyl, rather than SiO₂—C (0.59 groups/nm²) and adjust the monomeric manganese complex concentration to 0.128 mM.

Ex 39

Repeat Ex 38, but with changes: use SiO₂—C-octyl, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.40 groups/nm²).

Ex 40

Repeat Ex 38, but with changes: use SiO₂—C-perfluro, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.40 groups/nm²).

Ex 41

Repeat Ex 38, but with changes: use TiO₂-TA, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.22 groups/nm²).

Ex 42

Repeat Ex 38, but with changes: use CeO₂-TA, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.13 groups/nm²).

Ex 43

Repeat Ex 38, but with changes: use SiO₂-TA, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.60 groups/nm²).

Ex 44

Repeat Ex 38, but with changes: use SiO₂—B, rather than SiO₂—C-trimethyl (0.32 groups/nm²).

TABLE 10 TON for Monomeric Mn Carboxylate Alkane oxidation complex to CyOH, CyO, Example Support modified with groups/support area catalyst concentration and CyOOH (0° C.) Total CyOH/CyO number the carboxylate group Support (groups/nm²) mM CyOH CyO CyOOH TON Selectivity Ex 37 SiO2—C SiO2 0.590 0.108 15 4 3 22 3.5 Ex 38 SiO2—C- SiO2—(CH3)3 0.590 0.128 18 3 0 21 5.2 trimethyl Ex 39 SiO2—C- SiO2—C8 0.400 0.128 38 6 0 44 6.1 octyl Ex 40 SiO2—C- SiO2—F 0.400 0.128 22 4 0 26 5.8 perfluoro Ex 41 TiO2-TA TiO2 0.220 0.128 41 7 0 49 5.6 Ex 42 CeO2-TA CeO2 0.130 0.128 26 5 0 32 4.9 Ex 43 SiO2-TA SiO2 0.600 0.128 53 6 5 63 8.5 Ex 44 SiO2—B SiO2 0.320 0.128 21 4 0 24 5.6

Calculate CyOH/CyO selectivities with data from Exs 37-44. The data in Table 10 show that the alkane oxidation catalyst forms in situ when using co-catalysts different than SiO₂—C and that an oxidation product forms. 

1. An alkane oxidation catalyst comprising: a support modified with a carboxylate group, where the carboxylate group is functionalized with a manganese complex selected from the group consisting of [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OCH₃)₃]Z, [(C₆H₁₅N₃)Mn₄O₆]Z₄, or a combination thereof, where each R is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbons, and each Z is independently PF₆ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, or Br⁻.
 2. The oxidation catalyst of claim 1, where the support is selected from the group consisting of an oxide support, a carbon support, or a combination thereof.
 3. The oxidation catalyst of claim 1, where the manganese complex and the carboxylate group have a molar ratio in a range of from 1:0.3 to 1:20.
 4. A method for oxidizing an alkane: contacting a support modified with a carboxylate group with a manganese complex selected from the group consisting of [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn(OCH₃)₃]Z, [(C₆H₁₂N₃R₃)Mn₂O₃]Z₂, [(C₆H₁₅N₃)Mn₄O₆]Z₄, or a combination thereof, where each R is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbons, and each Z is independently PF₆ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, or Br⁻ and hydrogen peroxide to functionalize the carboxylate group with the manganese complex to form an alkane oxidation catalyst; and oxidizing the alkane by contacting the alkane with the alkane oxidation catalyst in the presence of the hydrogen peroxide to provide a product selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, alkylhydroperoxides, or a combination thereof.
 5. The method of claim 4, where the alkane is selected from the group consisting of ethane, cyclohexane, or a combination thereof.
 6. The method of claim 5, where the alkane is cyclohexane and the product is selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexylhydroperoxide, or a combination thereof.
 7. The method of claim 5, where the alkane is ethane and the product is selected from the group consisting of acetaldehyde, ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, or a combination thereof.
 8. The method of claim 4, wherein oxidizing the alkane occurs at a temperature in a range of from −10 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius.
 9. The method of claim 4, where contacting the support modified with the carboxylate group with the manganese complex and the hydrogen peroxide occurs in the presence of a solvent, where the solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, water, methanol, acetic acid, acetone, or a combination thereof.
 10. The method of claim 4, where the hydrogen peroxide and the alkane have a molar ratio in a range of from 3:1 to 1:20. 